The safety standards of batteries usually cover the following several main aspects:
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Electrical performance safety
- Including overcharge protection, overdischarge protection, short-circuit protection, etc. For example, when a lithium-ion battery is charging, it should automatically stop charging when the voltage reaches the set upper limit to prevent overcharging that causes battery damage or even fire and explosion.
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Mechanical performance safety
- Batteries should be able to withstand a certain degree of vibration, shock and extrusion without leakage, fire or explosion. For instance, during transportation, they may be subject to jolts and collisions, and batteries need to meet the corresponding mechanical performance standards.
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Thermal performance safety
- Have good thermal stability, be able to work normally within the prescribed temperature range, and have the corresponding protection mechanism in case of abnormal high temperatures. For example, batteries should not overheat in high-temperature environments and cause thermal runaway.
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Fire and explosion prevention safety
- Comply with the relevant requirements of fire prevention and explosion prevention, and limit the spread of flame and explosion energy generated by the internal reaction of the battery.
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Chemical substance safety
- The chemical substances used in the battery should comply with environmental protection and safety standards to prevent harm to the human body and the environment. For example, the content of harmful substances such as lead in lead-acid batteries should be within the prescribed range.
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Shell protection safety
- The shell should have sufficient strength and protection performance to prevent external factors from causing damage to the inside of the battery.
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Cycle life and stability
- After multiple charge and discharge cycles, it can still maintain stable performance and no obvious safety hazards.
Common international battery safety standards include IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standards, UL (Underwriters Laboratories) standards, etc. Different types of batteries (such as lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, etc.) and different application fields (such as electric vehicles, consumer electronics, etc.) may have specific detailed standards and test methods.
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